Exam 4 H+E

What do kidneys do, generally

excretion and removal of metabolic waste and foreign substances

maintain fluid volume, pH, blood pressure, electrolytes

secrete hormones

which vitamin do the kidneys activate

vitamin D

what blood-related hormone do the kidneys secrete

erythropoietin - production of RBCs in the bone marrow

two parts the urogenital system is divided into

urinary system and genital system

What comes from the intermediate mesoderm 3

gametes, adrenal cortex, urogenital stuff

names of the 3 pairs of kidneys

pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros (what we still have)

what does the ductus deferens come from

mesonephric duct (AKA wolffian)

what does the urogenital system derive from

intermediate mesoderm

(and mesodermal coelomic epithelium)

what is the embryonic structure that the urinary and genital systems develop from

urogenital ridge

the medial part of the urogenital ridge turns into ______________, specifically the ___________ cords

urinary system, neophrogenic cords

what are the two parts of the urogenital ridge

nephrogenic cords

gonadal ridge

what does the nephrogenic cord turn into

kidneys, ureter, make ducts

name for mammalian kidney formation

nephrogenesis

how do the three primordial kidneys arise in the embryo

in an anterior-posterior wave of cellular differentiation in the nephrogenic cord, (part of the urogenital ridge)

as the three primordial sets of kidneys arise, their excretory ducts are localized (parallel/perpendicular) to the nephrogenic cord

parallel

what does the gonadal ridge turn into

ovary/testis and female/male genital tract

in (mammals/fish) the pronephros is significant. In (mammals/fish), the pronephros is rudimentary and short lived

fish, mammals

in (mammals/amphibians) the mesonephros is fully operational. In (mammals/amphibians) the mesonephros is transitory.

amphibians (and other lower vertebrates), mammals

which kidney is permanent in mammals

metanephros

the nephrogenic cord/mesonephros forms (anterior to posterior, or posterior to anterior)

anterior to posterior

order of kidneys forming

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

what happens to the pronephros when the mesonephros is developing

it starts to degenerate

what happens when the metanephros is forming

the mesonephros begins degenerating

the mesonephros starts degenerating (anterior->posterior or posterior->anterior)

anterior->posterior

structure of the pronephros

paired organ, with a giant nephron that processes blood filtrate produced from the glomeruli

where does the pronephros deposit the filtrate

the coelom of the embryo

mesonephros (and its duct) location

upper thoracic to upper lumbar segments of the embryo

in domestic animal embryos, how many mesonephric tubules appear in the levels of somites 9-26

70-80 (really big kidney, running along length of embryo)

what is on either side of a mesonephric tubule

blood vessel on one side, posterior end of pronephric duct on other

the mesonephric duct connects: (3 things)

primitive kidney/mesonephros, cloaca and allantois

location of the metanephric duct in the embryo

pretty caudal

wolffian duct =

mesonephric duct

the metanephros develops from the induction of the ___________________ ______________ by the ureteric bud

metanephric mesenchyme

what does the ureteric bud come off of

wolffian duct (mesonephric duct)

as the ureteric bud keeps branching, what does the metanephric mesenchyme make around the tips of the branching structure?

renal vesicles (second pic)

renal vesicles progress through the ___________ shaped body stage and then the ___________ shaped body phase before connecting to the collecting systems of the developing kidney to form nephrons

comma shaped, S shaped

what is the ureteric bud an embryonic precursor for

the renal pelvis

where do the ureter and the male ductus deferens come from in embryonic development

mesonephric/wolffian duct

the ureter originates from a specific outgrowth of the mesonephric duct called the ___________ bud

ureteric

so just to be clear, the ureteric bud comes off of the ___________ duct, and branches into the _______________ mass

mesonephric duct, metanephric mesenchyme/mass

the mesonephric duct serves as the precursor of 3 male urogenital structures

efferent ductules of the testes

epididymis

ductus deferens

mesonephric tubules connected to the rete testis form the 1.) ____________ ______________ of the testis. Cranial part of the mesonephric duct forms the 2.) ________________. Caudal part of the mesonephric duct forms the 3.) ____________ ____________

1. efferent ductules (of the testis)

2. epididymis

3. ductus deferens

the ureteric duct forms the: 5 things

ureter

renal pelvis

major calyces

minor calyces

collecting tubules

the ureteric bud interacts with the undifferentiated mesoderm called the metanephric mesenchyme to make: 4 things

renal tubules

glomerulus

distal and proximal convoluted tubules

loops of henle

how does the kidney make its way from the tail area to the abdomen region?

starting position - near the embryo's tail, close together in sacral region

ascent - embryo's abdomen straightens, kidneys move apart and ascend to their final position in lumbar region

rotation - kidneys rotate 90 degrees medially around longitudinal axis, resulting in renal pelvis that faces medially

how does the blood supply change as the kidneys ascend

they receive blood from the dorsal aorta through the renal arteries, and as they ascend they receive blood from higher branches of the aorta, as lower branches disintegrate

species different kidneys (pic)

lighter area on outer region of kidney

renal cortex

the (cortex/medulla) contains the renal corpuscles and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephrons

renal cortex

what is in the renal corpuscles

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

darker area in middle of kidney

renal medulla

the (cortex/medulla) contains the renal pyramids, loops of henle and collecting ducts of the nephrons

renal medulla

funnel shaped structure in the center of the kidney that collects urine from collecting ducts and channels into ureter

renal pelvis

bovine kidney shape

multilobar (multipyramidal)

pig kidney shape

external lobes less present, papillae present

where is the filtrate produced?

renal cortex

what contains the renal corpuscles (glomerulus and bowman), and the convoluted renal tubules

cortex

where are the arcuate arteries located

in between the renal cortex and medulla

region of the kidney where filtrate is concentrated

renal medulla

cone-shaped tissues in the medulla for collecting urine from the nephrons and funneling it to the pelvis

renal pyramids

where do you find the straight tubules, loops of henle, and collecting ducts

renal medulla

pathway for blood vessels entering and leaving the cortex, made of fibrous materials

renal columns

shape of canine kidneys

unilobar (unipyramidal) kidneys

the papillae of each lobe of the kidney fuse into a renal ___________

crest, only seen on a top to bottom cut, not transverse

stroma of the kidney

non-epithelial or endothelial tissue that provides a supportive framework for the renal capsule, glomerulus, vasculature, and interstitium

urine leaves the medulla via the ____________ into the renal pelvis

papillae (lined in red)

what is included in the stroma of the kidney

vasculature, nerves, CT

what is the stroma of the kidney

non-epithelial or endothelial tissue that provides a supportive framework

outer layer of the renal capsule

DICCT

inner layer of the renal capsule

smooth muscle

Capsule and cortex

what makes up the parenchyma of the kidney

uriniferous/renal tubules

two parts of the uriniferous tubules

nephrons and collecting ducts (both come from intermediate mesoderm)

what do the nephrons derive from

metanephric mesenchyme

what do the collecting ducts derive from

uretic duct

6 segments of the nephron (in order)

glomerular capsule

proximal convoluted tubule

proximal straight tubule/descending thick loop

thin tubule

distal straight tubule/ascending thick loop

distal convoluted tubule

the glomerulus serves as a __________

filter for big stuff like proteins

what does the glomerulus filter out

large stuff, like blood and proteins

where is salt pumped out of the nephron

ascending limb

how is water removed from the filtrate

mainly as the salty medulla pulls the water out of the descending limb/collecting duct using osmosis

what happens in the proximal tubule

things the body wants, such as glucose, are removed here

path through the nephron 7

proximal convoluted tubule

descending thick limb of Henle's loop

descending thin limb

thick ascending limb

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

what happens in the proximal convoluted tubule

filtrate is reabsorbed along with glucose, amino acids, small proteins, and most NaCl and H20

the tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule is ___________

isotonic, pretty much the same concentration-wise as the intercellular fluid

structure of nephron in proximal convoluted tubule

super mitochondrial rich - little streaky bits

what happens in the proximal straight tubule

water is reabsorbed, NaCl is not

what happens in the descending thin limb

water leaves the tubule to equilibrate with the salty interstitium

structure of nephron in loop of henle

thin tubules don't require ATP, water is just trying to diffuse out

-don't require mitochondrias as much

-squamous endothelium

what happens in the thick ascending limb

forms the macula densa, acts as a Na+ sensor

structure of nephron in thick ascending limb

more cuboidal, no brush border

what happens in the collecting tubule/duct

urine composition is regulated, acid/base regulation, Na+, K+ and water regulated

structure of nephron in collecting duct

hormone (ADH) activity, acid-base balance requires thicker cells again

two types of structure in the cortex

medullary rays

cortical labyrinth

what is in the medullary rays

straight tubules and collecting ducts (green boxes)

what is in the cortical labyrinth

convoluted tubules, and glomeruli

what is in the cortical labyrinth 4

renal corpuscles,

irregular sections of the PCT,DCT

distal thick ascending limb

initial collecting tubule portion

what is in the medullary rays 2

proximal and distal straight tubules

arched collecting tubules and straight collecting tubules

the medullary rays are only in the ___________ of the kidney

cortex

what is inside the renal corpuscle

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

- capillary bed between an afferent and efferent arteriole

place where the afferent and efferent arterioles connect to the renal corpuscle

vascular pole