Physics: Heat Transfer and Thermodynamics Notes (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy) (copy)

What is the basis for the Celsius scale?

Based on where water freezes and where water boils.

At what temperature does absolute zero occur?

0 K.

What happens to particle motion at absolute zero?

All particles stop moving.

What is impossible regarding temperatures and absolute zero?

It is not possible for temperatures to go below 0 K.

What is the Celsius equivalent of 0 K?

-273.15 degrees Celsius.

What is the movement of particles in hot air?

Fast particle motion.

How do particles move in cold air?

Slow particle motion.

What is thermal expansion?

Fast moving particles spread out.

What causes objects to expand?

They expand when heated.

What happens to objects when they are cooled?

They contract.

What is kinetic energy?

Energy associated with the movement of molecules.

How does heat energy transfer occur?

Heat energy is transferred from one object to another.

What is the Kinetic-Molecular Theory?

When particles move faster, kinetic energy and temperature both increase.

What direction does energy travel in terms of heat?

From high energy to low energy.

What does high energy correspond to?

Hot.

What does low energy correspond to?

Cold.

What is conduction?

Energy transferred through direct contact.

How does energy travel through convection?

Through the mixing of fluids.

What happens to hot fluid in convection?

Hot fluid rises.

What occurs to cold fluid in convection?

Cold fluid sinks.

How is energy transferred through radiation?

By the emission of electromagnetic waves.

What does specific heat refer to?

The specific amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a certain material.

What does the heat formula Q = mcΔT represent?

Q is heat (joules), m is mass (kg), c is specific heat, and ΔT is change in temperature.

What does a negative heat value indicate?

Heat has been lost and temperature decreases.

What does a positive heat value indicate?

Heat has been gained and temperature increases.

What is the Law of Conservation?

The total amount of energy always remains the same.

What are examples of conductors?

Metals and water.

What are examples of insulators?

Insulation, foam, and air.

What is kinetic energy associated with?

Movement.

What is potential energy?

Stored energy, such as chemical energy.

What is thermal equilibrium?

Occurs when no more energy or heat can be transferred.

What is the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics?

If two objects are in equilibrium with a third, they are all in equilibrium with each other.

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

Energy is conserved; the total increase in thermal energy equals the heat added.

What is entropy?

A measure of disorder in a system.

How does the Second Law of Thermodynamics describe the universe's entropy?

Entropy of the universe is always maintained or increasing.

What does the Third Law of Thermodynamics state?

Entropy decreases as temperature decreases.